Writing

Writing is a complex activity requiring the coordination of cognitive, linguistic, and motor processes. Developmental models of writing highlight transcription skills (spelling and handwriting), text generation skills, working memory, and executive functions as important components when producing written text. Research has shown that difficulties in transcription, oral language, or executive skills can impact on the availability of working-memory resources and has repercussions for the engagement of the other writing components. Writing difficulties are not uncommon in children and adolescents, and research has demonstrated that such difficulties may stem from problems with transcription and/or language. An awareness of the writing process and of how the supporting skills develop has direct educational applications through a better understanding of how to improve instruction.