Women and Equalities Committee: Written evidence submitted by Dr Shereen Shaw, Edge Hill University, UK (GIS0007)

This paper examines the emerging evidence that Islamophobic abuse is not experienced uniformly across Muslim communities but disproportionately affects women and girls. Recent data from anti-hate organisations and academic research reveal that female Muslims, particularly those wearing visibly religious attire such as hijabs, face higher rates of verbal, physical, and online abuse compared to their male counterparts. By analysing trends from the United Kingdom and beyond, this paper explores the intersection of gender, religion, and racism, and discusses the societal and psychological impacts of such abuse. In addition, the paper considers contributing factors, including media representations, political rhetoric, and longstanding stereotypes that intensify the vulnerability of Muslim women. Finally, the discussion turns to policy implications and recommendations for developing gender-sensitive frameworks to effectively address and mitigate the harms of Islamophobic abuse.