Board Nationality Diversity and Firm Value

Using management, finance, and social psychology theories, we challenge the common perception that demographic diversity on boards of directors is unequivocally beneficial for firms. Employing a sample of 3,826 UK firm years, we analyse the dual nature of nationality diversity, recognising its potential to contribute expertise and reduce groupthink, while also posing risks of conflict and reduced cohesion. We construct measures of the positive and negative aspects of diversity to provide robust evidence that nationality diversity-as-variety within a board of directors is positively associated with firm value, whereas diversity-as-separation has a negative moderating effect on this relationship. Additionally, board longevity weakens the negative effects of diversity-as-separation. This comprehensive approach improves our understanding of the complex relationship between board diversity and firm performance. Our results are informative for researchers because they demonstrate the importance of adopting less simplistic diversity measures in empirical studies. They are also instructive for policymakers, who can benefit from a more nuanced understanding of the issues raised when firms are mandated to increase demographic diversity on their boards. Finally, our study provides information to boards to help them maximise the benefits of diversity while minimising potential costs.