The report discusses the challenges faced by health systems in OECD countries, including high citizen expectations, aging societies, and rising health spending. It highlights the importance of primary health care in addressing these challenges and improving health outcomes. The report identifies key policy ingredients to realise the full potential of primary health care, including new service delivery models, better economic incentives, and broader roles for patients. It also notes that primary health care is currently failing to deliver its full potential in many OECD countries, with avoidable hospital admissions and inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions being common issues. The report stresses the need for countries to conduct thorough reviews of their health care systems and modernise primary health care services to make them more resilient to crises and better equipped to address the needs of their populations. The report draws on our work on consultation length as a tracer indicator and the increasingly difficulty to meet complex care needs